20Th Century With Mike Wallace - The U.S. In Latin America: Yankee Go Home | new release dvds10/5/2016 Ku Klux Klan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Creation and naming.
A cartoon threatening that the KKK will lynchscalawags (left) and carpetbaggers (right) on March 4, 1. President Grant takes office. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Independent Monitor, September 1, 1. A full- scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoon. Hubbs, Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman (2. The Ku Klux Klan was one of a number of secret, oath- bound organizations using violence, which included the Southern Cross in New Orleans (1. Knights of the White Camelia (1. Louisiana. In 1. 86. Mississippi Governor William L. Sharkey reported that disorder, lack of control, and lawlessness were widespread; in some states armed bands of Confederate soldiers roamed at will. This Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary highlights 59 historic places listed in the. Capital at the Crossroads of America, Ethnic Indy, Go. Peace and Conflict in the 20th Century U.S. 45/85: America and the World. Television brings Southern racial oppression and the Vietnam War home to America. From Europe and the United States to Latin America and. The Klan used public violence against black people and their allies as intimidation. They burned houses, and attacked and killed black people, leaving their bodies on the roads. Since most of the Klan's members were veterans, they were used to such military hierarchy, but the Klan never operated under this centralized structure. Local chapters and bands were highly independent. Former Confederate Brigadier General George Gordon developed the Prescript, which espoused white supremacist belief. For instance, an applicant should be asked if he was in favor of . Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest became Grand Wizard, claiming to be the Klan's national leader. There were never hierarchical levels or state headquarters. Klan members used violence to settle old personal feuds and local grudges, as they worked to restore general white dominance in the disrupted postwar society. The historian Elaine Frantz Parsons describes the membership: Lifting the Klan mask revealed a chaotic multitude of antiblack vigilante groups, disgruntled poor white farmers, wartime guerrilla bands, displaced Democratic politicians, illegal whiskey distillers, coercive moral reformers, sadists, rapists, white workmen fearful of black competition, employers trying to enforce labor discipline, common thieves, neighbors with decades- old grudges, and even a few freedmen and white Republicans who allied with Democratic whites or had criminal agendas of their own. Indeed, all they had in common, besides being overwhelmingly white, southern, and Democratic, was that they called themselves, or were called, Klansmen. Its purposes were political, but political in the broadest sense, for it sought to affect power relations, both public and private, throughout Southern society. It aimed to reverse the interlocking changes sweeping over the South during Reconstruction: to destroy the Republican party's infrastructure, undermine the Reconstruction state, reestablish control of the black labor force, and restore racial subordination in every aspect of Southern life. Those political leaders assassinated during the campaign included Arkansas Congressman James M. Hinds, three members of the South Carolina legislature, and several men who served in constitutional conventions. Many of them operated in small towns and rural areas where people otherwise knew each other's faces, and sometimes still recognized the attackers by voice and mannerisms. Few freedmen took such nonsense seriously. When they killed black political leaders, they also took heads of families, along with the leaders of churches and community groups, because these people had many roles in society. Agents of the Freedmen's Bureau reported weekly assaults and murders of blacks. They drove successful black farmers off their land. More than 2,0. 00 persons were killed, wounded and otherwise injured in Louisiana within a few weeks prior to the Presidential election of November 1. Landry Parish had a registered Republican majority of 1,0. Republicans voted in the fall elections. White Democrats cast the full vote of the parish for President Grant's opponent. The KKK killed and wounded more than 2. Republicans, hunting and chasing them through the woods. Thirteen captives were taken from jail and shot; a half- buried pile of 2. The KKK made people vote Democratic and gave them certificates of the fact. By the November presidential election, Klan intimidation led to suppression of the Republican vote and only one person voted for Ulysses S. Freedmen's Bureau records provided a detailed recounting of Klansmen's beatings and murders of freedmen and their white allies. In Mississippi, according to the Congressional inquiry. Each man wore a long white robe and his face was covered by a loose mask with scarlet stripes. She was ordered to get up and dress which she did at once and then admitted to her room the captain and lieutenant who in addition to the usual disguise had long horns on their heads and a sort of device in front. The lieutenant had a pistol in his hand and he and the captain sat down while eight or ten men stood inside the door and the porch was full. She heeded the warning and left the county. By 1. 86. 8, two years after the Klan's creation, its activity was beginning to decrease. Many influential southern Democrats feared that Klan lawlessness provided an excuse for the federal government to retain its power over the South, and they began to turn against it. They put an end to violence by threatening Klansmen with reprisals unless they stopped whipping Unionists and burning black churches and schools. Armed blacks formed their own defense in Bennettsville, South Carolina and patrolled the streets to protect their homes. They accumulated 1. In February, former Union General and Congressman Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts introduced the Civil Rights Act of 1. Ku Klux Klan Act). This added to the enmity that southern white Democrats bore toward him. The Governor of South Carolina appealed for federal troops to assist his efforts in keeping control of the state. A riot and massacre in a Meridian, Mississippi, courthouse were reported, from which a black state representative escaped only by taking to the woods. Grant to suspend habeas corpus. Grant signed Butler's legislation. The Ku Klux Klan Act was used by the Federal government, together with the Enforcement Act of 1. Under the 1. 87. 1 Klan Act, after the Klan refused to voluntarily dissolve, Grant issued a suspension of Habeas Corpus, and stationed Federal troops in nine South Carolina counties. The Klansmen were apprehended and prosecuted in federal court. Judges Hugh Lennox Bond and George S. Bryan presided over the trial of KKK members in Columbia, South Carolina during December 1. It was difficult for observers to judge its membership. Klan members were prosecuted, and many fled from areas that were under federal government jurisdiction, particularly in South Carolina. Forrest called for the Klan to disband in 1. Klan was . Combined with extensive violence and fraud at the polls, the Republicans lost their majority in the state legislature. Disaffection with Holden's actions led to white Democratic legislators' impeaching Holden and removing him from office, but their reasons were numerous. Attorney General Amos Tappan Ackerman led the prosecutions. So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. Harris that the Klan Act was partially unconstitutional. It ruled that Congress's power under the Fourteenth Amendment did not extend to the right to regulate against private conspiracies. It recommended that persons who had been victimized should seek relief in state courts, which were entirely unsympathetic to such appeals. By 1. 87. 2, the Klan was broken as an organization. All other members were new. The second Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1. William Joseph Simmons at Stone Mountain, outside Atlanta, with fifteen . The new organization and chapters adopted regalia featured in The Birth of a Nation. The Birth of a Nation. Movie poster for The Birth of a Nation. It has been widely noted for inspiring revival of the Ku Klux Klan. Director D. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation glorified the original Klan. His film was based on the book and play The Clansman and the book The Leopard's Spots, both by Thomas Dixon, Jr. Much of the modern Klan's iconography, including the standardized white costume and the lighted cross, are derived from the film. Its imagery was based on Dixon's romanticized concept of old England and Scotland, as portrayed in the novels and poetry of Sir Walter Scott. The film's influence was enhanced by a purported endorsement by U. S. President Woodrow Wilson, a Southerner. A Hollywood press agent claimed that after seeing the film Wilson said, . Wilson's staff issued a denial, saying he was entirely unaware of the nature of the play before it was presented and at no time has expressed his approbation of it. It was a small local organization until 1. Simmons said he had been inspired by the original Klan's Prescripts, written in 1. Confederate veteran George Gordon, but they were never adopted by the first Klan. Patrick, from the shores of America. A religious tone was present in its activities: . Simmons, joined twelve different fraternal organizations. He recruited for the Klan with his chest covered with fraternal badges, and consciously modeled the Klan after fraternal organizations. The organizer kept half the money and sent the rest to state or national officials. When the organizer was done with an area, he organized a huge rally, often with burning crosses, and perhaps presented a Bible to a local Protestant preacher. He left town with the money collected. The local units operated like many fraternal organizations and occasionally brought in speakers. Simmons initially met with little success in either recruiting members or in raising money, and the Klan remained a small operation in the Atlanta area until 1. Moral threats. The second Klan grew primarily in response to issues of declining morality as typified by divorce, adultery, defiance of prohibition, and criminal gangs in the news every day. By the mid- 1. 92. Klan had a nationwide reach, with its densest per capita membership in Indiana. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 6. New York State to be incorporated. Located north of Manhattan and Queens, and south of Westchester County, the Bronx is the only borough that is located primarily on the mainland (a very small portion of Manhattan is located on the mainland named Marble Hill). The Bronx's population is 1,4. United States Census. The borough has a land area of Template: Convert, making it the fourth most populated of the five boroughs, the fourth- largest in land area, and the third- highest in density of population. The West Bronx was annexed to New York City (then largely confined to Manhattan) in 1. Bronx River in 1. Bronx County, with the same boundaries as the borough, was separated from New York County (afterwards coextensive with the Borough of Manhattan) as of January 1, 1. The borough of the Bronx was named for the river that was . The indigenous Lenape (Delaware) American Indians were progressively displaced after 1. Netherlands and Great Britain. The Bronx received many Irish, German, Jewish and Italian immigrants as its once- rural population exploded between the mid- 1. They were succeeded after 1. African Americans and Hispanic Americans from the Caribbean basin — especially Puerto Rico. In recent years, this cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. Faster transportation allowed for rapid population growth in the late 1. Manhattan in 1. 90. The great majority lived in rented apartments. The demographic history of the Bronx in the 2. The Great Depression and war years saw a slowing of growth. The 1. 95. 0s were hard times, as the Bronx decayed 1. Finally the Bronx has enjoyed economic and demographic stabilization since 1. In 1. 91. 9, the Bronx was the site of 6. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants flooded The Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, and Polish immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1. 93. 7, according to Jewish organizations, 5. Jews lived in The. Bronx (4. 3. 9% of the borough's population). Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses. Irish, Italian and Polish gangs smuggled in most of the illegal whiskey. As the older generation retired, many moved to Florida. The migration has left an African American and Hispanic (mostly Puerto Rican and Dominican) population, along with some Caucasian communities in the far southeastern and northwestern parts of the county. However, led by aggressive community leaders, many burned- out tenements were replaced by single- and multifamily housing during the late 1. Thus, Co- op City began in 1. It succeeded because it delivered on its promise of economic affordability and controlled racial integration. Historians and social scientists have put forward many factors. They include the theory (elaborated in Robert Caro's biography The Power Broker). Another factor in the Bronx's decline may have been the development of high- risehousing projects. Others have suggested a . The burning of buildings was mostly in the South Bronx and in West Farms. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property- value buildings and take the insurance money as profit. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,0. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons. The ripple effects have been felt borough- wide. The IRT White Plains Road Line began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target have opened stores in the Bronx. In 2. 00. 6, The New York Times reported that . Between 2. 00. 2 and June 2. In the first six months of 2. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic Area Code and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.). The New York Public Library maintains a Map Rectifier facility that reconciles old maps of the Bronx (and elsewhere) with current cartography. Although it is part of the Bronx, Rikers Island in the East River, home to the large jail complex for the entire City, can be reached only by water, by air, or—since 1. Francis Buono Bridge from Queens. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. It opened in 1. 86. Bronx was still considered a rural area. Its northern end houses the New York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire city, and its southern end the Bronx Zoo, the largest urban zoological gardens in the U. S. Later projects included the Bronx River Parkway, which developed a road while restoring the riverbank and reducing pollution, Mosholu Parkway and the Henry Hudson Parkway. One major focus is on opening more of the Bronx River's banks and restoring them to a natural state. Perkins — known for a historic house, gardens, changing site- specific art installations and concerts — overlooks the New Jersey Palisades from a promontory on the Hudson in Riverdale. In 2. 00. 6, Manny Fernandez of The New York Times wrote. The map publisher Hagstrom identifies 6. The borough president, Adolfo Carri. The Mayor's Community Assistance Unit, in a listing of the borough's community boards, names 6. Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, lists 4. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as smaller and larger single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester- Bronx border. City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It is connected to Rodman's Neck on the mainland by the City Island Bridge. It once served as a prison and now houses New York City's Potter's Field or pauper's graveyard for unclaimed bodies. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2. Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas. Shops are also concentrated on streets aligned underneath elevated railroad lines, including Westchester Avenue, White Plains Road, Jerome Avenue, Southern Boulevard and Broadway. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial . Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free- style street grid. Only the Wakefield neighborhood picks up the street numbering, albeit at a disalignment due to Tremont Avenue's layout. At the same diagonal latitude, West 2. Street in Riverdale matches East 2. Street in Wakefield. Other major north- south roads include the Grand Concourse, Jerome Avenue, Sedgwick Avenue, Webster Avenue, and White Plains Road. Major east- west thoroughfares include Mosholu Parkway, Gun Hill Road, Fordham Road, Pelham Parkway, and Tremont Avenue. Citywide, the percentage of autoless households is 5. These include. Bridges and tunnels. Edit. File: Aerial View of the Throgs Neck Bridge. Many bridges and tunnels connect the Bronx to Manhattan and Queens (3). These include, from west to east. To Manhattan: the Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, the Henry Hudson Bridge, the Broadway Bridge, the University Heights Bridge, the Washington Bridge, the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, the High Bridge, the Concourse Tunnel, the Macombs Dam Bridge, the 1. Street Bridge, the 1. Street Tunnel, the Madison Avenue Bridge, the Park Avenue Bridge, the Lexington Avenue Tunnel, the Third Avenue Bridge (southbound traffic only), and the Willis Avenue Bridge (northbound traffic only). Kennedy Bridge (which opened as the Triborough Bridge). The Bronx General Post Office is located at 5. Grand Concourse. The population density was 3. There were 4. 90,6. There were 4. 63,2. For every 1. 00 females there were 8. Males had a median income of $3. The per capita income for the borough was $1. Census in 2. 00. 9 considered the Bronx to be the most diverse area in the country. There is an 8. 9. Black Americans made up 3. Bronx's population; non- Hispanic blacks made up 3. Native Americans made up 0. Asian Americans made up 3. Multiracial Americans made up 3. Hispanics and Latinos, of any race, made up a majority (5. Bronx's population. However, non- Hispanic whites form under one- eighth (1. Out of all five boroughs, The Bronx has the lowest number and percentage of white residents. Bronx home, of which 1. Hispanic whites. The majority of the non- Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. People of Italian descent number over 5. People of Irish descent number over 4. German Americans and Polish Americans make up 1. Blacks of both Hispanic and non- Hispanic origin represent over one- third (3. Bronx's population. Blacks of non- Hispanic origin make up 3. Over 4. 95,2. 00 blacks reside in the borough, of which 4. Hispanic blacks. Over 6. Only some 5,5. 60 individuals (out of the borough's 1. Native American, which is equal to just 0. In addition, roughly 2,5.
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